There are many other variations of Raman spectroscopy including surface-enhanced Raman, resonance Raman, tip-enhanced Raman, polarized Raman, stimulated Raman, transmission Raman, spatially-offset Raman, and hyper Raman.Īlthough the inelastic scattering of light was predicted by Adolf Smekal in 1923, it was not observed in practice until 1928. The name "Raman spectroscopy" typically refers to vibrational Raman using laser wavelengths which are not absorbed by the sample. Dispersive single-stage spectrographs (axial transmissive (AT) or Czerny–Turner (CT) monochromators) paired with CCD detectors are most common although Fourier transform (FT) spectrometers are also common for use with NIR lasers. However, modern instrumentation almost universally employs notch or edge filters for laser rejection. In the past, photomultipliers were the detectors of choice for dispersive Raman setups, which resulted in long acquisition times. Historically, Raman spectrometers used holographic gratings and multiple dispersion stages to achieve a high degree of laser rejection. Spontaneous Raman scattering is typically very weak as a result, for many years the main difficulty in collecting Raman spectra was separating the weak inelastically scattered light from the intense Rayleigh scattered laser light (referred to as "laser rejection"). Elastic scattered radiation at the wavelength corresponding to the laser line ( Rayleigh scattering) is filtered out by either a notch filter, edge pass filter, or a band pass filter, while the rest of the collected light is dispersed onto a detector. Electromagnetic radiation from the illuminated spot is collected with a lens and sent through a monochromator. Typically, a sample is illuminated with a laser beam. Infrared spectroscopy typically yields similar yet complementary information. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. A source of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range is used, although X-rays can also be used. Raman spectroscopy relies upon inelastic scattering of photons, known as Raman scattering. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a structural fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes of systems may also be observed. Raman spectroscopy ( / ˈ r ɑː m ən/) (named after Indian physicist C. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 25 (5), 715-728.Spectroscopic technique Energy-level diagram showing the states involved in Raman spectra. and Wiscombe, W., 2008: ' Light Reflection from Water Waves: Suitable Setup for a Polarimetric Investigation under Controlled Laboratory Conditions. ^ Palmer and Grant, The Art of Radiometry.^ "CIE International Lighting Vocabulary".Online corrected version: (2006–) " Reflectance". ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed.Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. "Hazy Blue Worlds: A Holistic Aerosol Model for Uranus and Neptune, Including Dark Spots". R Ω = L e, Ω r L e, Ω i, : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)
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